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The use of electronic surveillance by the United Kingdom grew from the development of signal intelligence and pioneering code breaking during the Second World War. In the post-war period, the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) was formed and participated in programmes such as the Five Eyes collaboration of English-speaking nations. This focused on the interception of electronic communications, with substantial increases in surveillance capabilities over time. A series of media reports in 2013 revealed bulk collection and surveillance capabilities involving GCHQ and the National Security Agency in the United States that were commonly described as mass surveillance. Similar capabilities exist in other western European countries, such as France. Surveillance of electronic communications in the United Kingdom is controlled by laws made in the UK Parliament. In particular, access to the content of private messages (that is, interception of a communication such as an email or telephone call) must be authorised by a warrant signed by a Secretary of State.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.gchq.gov.uk/how_we_work/running_the_business/oversight/Pages/The-law.aspx )〕 In addition European Union data privacy law applies in UK law. The law provides for governance and safeguards over the use of electronic surveillance,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ipt-uk.com/section.aspx?pageid=27 )〕〔; 〕 and further oversight including a requirement for judges to review warrants authorised by a Secretary of State, as well as new surveillance powers, are being considered by Parliament in the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. The judicial body which oversees the intelligence services in the United Kingdom, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal, ruled that the legislative framework in the United Kingdom does not permit mass surveillance and that while GCHQ collects and analyses data in bulk, it does not practice mass surveillance. Other independent reports, including one by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament, also came to this view although they found past shortcomings in oversight and disclosure, and said the legal framework should be simplified to improve transparency. However, notable civil liberties groups and broadsheet newspapers continue to express strong views to the contrary, while UK and US intelligence agencies and others〔; 〕 have criticised these viewpoints in turn. Various government bodies maintain databases about citizens and residents of the United Kingdom. Although the use of video surveillance cameras in the United Kingdom is common, as it is in many countries, its prevalence is often overstated. Legal provisions exist that control and restrict the collection, storage, retention, and use of information in government databases, and require local governments or police forces operating video surveillance cameras to comply with a code of conduct. == Legal framework for lawful interception == The legal framework in the United Kingdom for lawful interception and storage of communications data and, when a warrant exists, the content of electronic communications is based on the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 and several other pieces of legislation. The Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014 deals with the retention of certain types of communications data (not the content of messages). It was brought into effect after the European Union's Data Retention Directive was declared invalid. The Telecommunications Act 1984 has also been used by the government to facilitate communications data collection. The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 includes several provisions related to controlling or restricting the collection, storage, retention, and use of information in government databases. The Human Rights Act 1998 requires the intelligence agencies, including GCHQ, to respect citizens' rights as enumerated in the European Convention on Human Rights. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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